Pauling's approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography, molecular model building, and quantum chemistry. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure. His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes, and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie. He is one of five people to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless). For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics.
Linus Carl Pauling FRS ( / ˈ p ɔː l ɪ ŋ/ February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. The only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes.
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